f2e7d6c5d7
- Changed grub.cfg from 'multiboot' to 'multiboot2' command. The PMM parses Multiboot2 tag structures, but GRUB was booting with Multiboot1 protocol, causing the memory map parsing to silently fail (all memory stayed marked as used, leading to OOM on every allocation). - Fixed BITMAP_SIZE calculation to properly round up instead of truncating, ensuring the last few pages of the address space are covered. - Fixed sign comparison warning in bitmap init loop. - Added debug output to PMM init (mem_upper, region count) for diagnostics. - Removed stale Multiboot1 magic constant and (void)addr cast from kernel.c. - Added documentation for the interrupt subsystem and PMM in docs/. - Checked off 'Implement a PIC handler' and 'Create a physical memory allocator' in the task list. Tested: kernel boots in QEMU with both 4MB and 128MB RAM, PMM correctly allocates from NORMAL zone (0x01000000) and DMA zone (0x00001000).
63 lines
2.5 KiB
Markdown
63 lines
2.5 KiB
Markdown
# Interrupt Subsystem
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## Overview
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The interrupt subsystem handles both CPU exceptions (faults, traps, aborts) and hardware interrupts (IRQs) from external devices. It consists of three cooperating components:
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1. **IDT (Interrupt Descriptor Table)** — Maps interrupt vectors 0–255 to handler entry points.
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2. **ISR (Interrupt Service Routines)** — Assembly stubs and a C dispatcher that routes interrupts.
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3. **PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller)** — Manages the 8259A PIC chips that multiplex hardware IRQs onto CPU interrupt lines.
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## Architecture
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### Interrupt Vector Layout
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| Vector Range | Purpose |
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|---|---|
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| 0–31 | CPU exceptions (Division by Zero, Page Fault, GPF, etc.) |
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| 32–47 | Hardware IRQs (remapped from default 0–15) |
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| 48–255 | Available for software interrupts / future use |
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### Flow of an Interrupt
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1. CPU or device raises an interrupt.
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2. CPU looks up the vector in the IDT and jumps to the assembly stub.
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3. The stub pushes a dummy error code (if the CPU didn't push one), the interrupt number, and all general-purpose registers onto the stack.
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4. The stub loads the kernel data segment (0x10) and calls `isr_handler()` in C.
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5. For hardware interrupts (vectors 32–47), `isr_handler` sends an End-of-Interrupt (EOI) to the PIC.
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6. For CPU exceptions (vectors 0–31), the handler prints the exception name and halts.
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7. On return, the stub restores all registers and executes `iret`.
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### PIC Remapping
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The 8259A PIC ships with IRQ 0–7 mapped to vectors 8–15, which collide with CPU exceptions. During initialization, we remap:
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- **Master PIC** (IRQ 0–7) → vectors 32–39
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- **Slave PIC** (IRQ 8–15) → vectors 40–47
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The PIC is initialized in cascade mode with ICW4 (8086 mode). Original IRQ masks are saved and restored after remapping.
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## Key Files
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- `src/idt.c` / `src/idt.h` — IDT setup and gate registration.
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- `src/interrupts.S` — Assembly stubs for ISRs 0–31 and IRQs 0–15.
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- `src/isr.c` / `src/isr.h` — C interrupt dispatcher and `registers_t` structure.
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- `src/pic.c` / `src/pic.h` — PIC initialization, EOI, mask/unmask.
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- `src/port_io.h` — Inline `inb`, `outb`, `io_wait` helpers.
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## Register Save Frame
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When an interrupt fires, the following is pushed onto the stack (from high to low address):
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```
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ss, useresp (only on privilege change)
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eflags
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cs, eip (pushed by CPU)
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err_code (pushed by CPU or stub as 0)
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int_no (pushed by stub)
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eax..edi (pushed by pusha)
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ds (pushed by stub)
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```
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This matches the `registers_t` struct in `isr.h`.
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