claude-os/src/syscall.c

/**
 * @file syscall.c
 * @brief System call handler implementation.
 *
 * Dispatches INT 0x80 system calls to the appropriate kernel function.
 * System call number is in EAX, arguments in EBX, ECX, EDX, ESI, EDI.
 * Return value is placed in EAX.
 */

#include "syscall.h"
#include "process.h"
#include "env.h"
#include "port_io.h"
#include "vga.h"
#include "vfs.h"
#include "keyboard.h"
#include "cpio.h"
#include "paging.h"
#include "pmm.h"
#include <stddef.h>
#include <string.h>

/** Magic return value indicating the syscall blocked and switched processes.
 *  syscall_handler must NOT overwrite regs->eax in this case. */
#define SYSCALL_SWITCHED 0x7FFFFFFF

/* Debug print helpers defined in kernel.c */
extern void offset_print(const char *str);
extern void print_hex(uint32_t val);

/** IDT gate setup (from idt.c) */
extern void set_idt_gate_from_c(uint8_t num, uint32_t base, uint16_t sel, uint8_t flags);

/** INT 0x80 assembly stub */
extern void isr128(void);

/**
 * Handle SYS_EXIT: terminate the current process.
 */
static int32_t sys_exit(registers_t *regs) {
    process_exit((int32_t)regs->ebx);
    /* Never returns */
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_WRITE: write bytes to a file descriptor.
 * Currently only supports fd=1 (stdout) -> debug port + VGA.
 */
static int32_t sys_write(registers_t *regs) {
    int fd = (int)regs->ebx;
    const char *buf = (const char *)regs->ecx;
    uint32_t len = regs->edx;

    if (fd == 1 || fd == 2) {
        /* stdout or stderr: write to debug port and VGA */
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            outb(0xE9, buf[i]);
            vga_putchar(buf[i]);
        }
        return (int32_t)len;
    }

    /* VFS file descriptors (fd >= 3) */
    if (fd >= 3) {
        return vfs_write(fd, buf, len);
    }

    return -1; /* Invalid fd */
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_READ: read bytes from a file descriptor.
 * fd=0 (stdin) reads from the keyboard buffer (non-blocking).
 * Returns 0 if no data available; caller should yield and retry.
 */
static int32_t sys_read(registers_t *regs) {
    int fd = (int)regs->ebx;
    char *buf = (char *)regs->ecx;
    uint32_t len = regs->edx;

    if (fd == 0) {
        /* stdin: non-blocking read from keyboard */
        if (keyboard_has_data()) {
            uint32_t n = keyboard_read(buf, len);
            return (int32_t)n;
        }
        return 0; /* No data available */
    }

    /* VFS file descriptors (fd >= 3) */
    if (fd >= 3) {
        return vfs_read(fd, buf, len);
    }

    return -1; /* Invalid fd */
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_FORK: fork the current process.
 */
static int32_t sys_fork(registers_t *regs) {
    return process_fork(regs);
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_GETPID: return the current process ID.
 */
static int32_t sys_getpid(registers_t *regs) {
    (void)regs;
    process_t *cur = process_current();
    return cur ? (int32_t)cur->pid : -1;
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_YIELD: voluntarily yield the CPU.
 * Calls schedule_tick directly to potentially switch to another process.
 */
static int32_t sys_yield(registers_t *regs) {
    schedule_tick(regs);
    return SYSCALL_SWITCHED;
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_WAITPID: wait for a child to exit.
 *
 * If the child is already a zombie, reaps immediately and returns the code.
 * Otherwise, blocks the current process and switches to the next one.
 * When the child exits, process_exit() will unblock the waiting parent
 * and set its saved_regs.eax to the exit code.
 */
static int32_t sys_waitpid(registers_t *regs) {
    uint32_t pid = regs->ebx;
    process_t *child = process_get(pid);
    if (!child) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* If child already exited, reap immediately */
    if (child->state == PROCESS_ZOMBIE) {
        int32_t code = child->exit_code;
        child->state = PROCESS_UNUSED;
        return code;
    }

    /* Block the current process until the child exits */
    process_t *cur = process_current();
    cur->state = PROCESS_BLOCKED;
    cur->waiting_for_pid = pid;

    /* Save the current syscall registers so we resume here when unblocked.
     * The return value (eax) will be set by process_exit when the child dies. */
    cur->saved_regs = *regs;

    /* Schedule the next process. This modifies *regs to the next process's
     * saved state, so when the ISR stub does iret, it enters the next process. */
    schedule_tick(regs);

    /* Tell syscall_handler not to overwrite regs->eax, since regs now
     * points to the next process's registers on the kernel stack. */
    return SYSCALL_SWITCHED;
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_EXEC: replace the current process image with a new program.
 * EBX = path to binary (C string), e.g. "hello-world".
 * Loads the binary from the initrd and replaces the current process's
 * code and stack. Does not return on success.
 */
static int32_t sys_exec(registers_t *regs) {
    const char *path = (const char *)regs->ebx;
    if (!path) return -1;

    process_t *cur = process_current();
    if (!cur) return -1;

    /* Look up the binary in the initrd */
    cpio_entry_t entry;
    if (cpio_find(path, &entry) != 0) {
        return -1; /* Not found */
    }

    uint32_t *pd = (uint32_t *)cur->page_directory;

    /* Unmap and free old user code pages (0x08048000 region).
     * We don't know exactly how many pages were mapped, so scan a
     * reasonable range. */
    for (uint32_t vaddr = USER_CODE_START;
         vaddr < USER_CODE_START + 0x100000; /* up to 1 MiB of code */
         vaddr += 4096) {
        uint32_t pd_idx = vaddr >> 22;
        uint32_t pt_idx = (vaddr >> 12) & 0x3FF;
        if (!(pd[pd_idx] & 0x001)) break; /* No page table */
        uint32_t *pt = (uint32_t *)(pd[pd_idx] & 0xFFFFF000);
        if (!(pt[pt_idx] & 0x001)) break; /* No page */
        phys_addr_t old_phys = pt[pt_idx] & 0xFFFFF000;
        pt[pt_idx] = 0;
        pmm_free_page(old_phys);
    }

    /* Map new code pages */
    uint32_t code_pages = (entry.datasize + 4095) / 4096;
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < code_pages; i++) {
        phys_addr_t phys = pmm_alloc_page(PMM_ZONE_NORMAL);
        if (phys == 0) return -1;

        uint32_t vaddr = USER_CODE_START + i * 4096;
        paging_map_page_in(pd, vaddr, phys,
                           PAGE_PRESENT | PAGE_WRITE | PAGE_USER);

        uint32_t offset = i * 4096;
        uint32_t bytes = entry.datasize - offset;
        if (bytes > 4096) bytes = 4096;
        memcpy((void *)phys, (const uint8_t *)entry.data + offset, bytes);
        if (bytes < 4096) {
            memset((void *)(phys + bytes), 0, 4096 - bytes);
        }
    }

    /* Zero the user stack pages (reuse existing stack mappings) */
    uint32_t stack_base = USER_STACK_TOP - USER_STACK_PAGES * 4096;
    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < USER_STACK_PAGES; i++) {
        uint32_t vaddr = stack_base + i * 4096;
        uint32_t pd_idx = vaddr >> 22;
        uint32_t pt_idx = (vaddr >> 12) & 0x3FF;
        if ((pd[pd_idx] & 0x001)) {
            uint32_t *pt = (uint32_t *)(pd[pd_idx] & 0xFFFFF000);
            if ((pt[pt_idx] & 0x001)) {
                phys_addr_t phys = pt[pt_idx] & 0xFFFFF000;
                memset((void *)phys, 0, 4096);
            }
        }
    }

    /* Flush TLB */
    paging_switch_directory(cur->page_directory);

    /* Update process name */
    uint32_t nlen = strlen(path);
    if (nlen > 31) nlen = 31;
    memcpy(cur->name, path, nlen);
    cur->name[nlen] = '\0';

    /* Set up registers for the new program */
    regs->eip = USER_CODE_START;
    regs->useresp = USER_STACK_TOP;
    regs->esp = USER_STACK_TOP;
    regs->eax = 0;
    regs->ebx = 0;
    regs->ecx = 0;
    regs->edx = 0;
    regs->esi = 0;
    regs->edi = 0;
    regs->ebp = 0;
    regs->cs = 0x1B;
    regs->ds = 0x23;
    regs->ss = 0x23;
    regs->eflags = 0x202; /* IF=1 */

    /* Return SYSCALL_SWITCHED so syscall_handler doesn't overwrite regs */
    return SYSCALL_SWITCHED;
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_GETENV: get an environment variable.
 * EBX = key pointer, ECX = value buffer pointer, EDX = buffer size.
 * Returns length of value, or -1 if not found.
 */
static int32_t sys_getenv(registers_t *regs) {
    const char *key = (const char *)regs->ebx;
    char *buf = (char *)regs->ecx;
    uint32_t bufsize = regs->edx;

    process_t *cur = process_current();
    if (!cur) return -1;

    return env_get(&cur->env, key, buf, bufsize);
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_SETENV: set an environment variable.
 * EBX = key pointer, ECX = value pointer (NULL to unset).
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on error.
 */
static int32_t sys_setenv(registers_t *regs) {
    const char *key = (const char *)regs->ebx;
    const char *value = (const char *)regs->ecx;

    process_t *cur = process_current();
    if (!cur) return -1;

    return env_set(&cur->env, key, value);
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_OPEN: open a file by path.
 * EBX = path string, ECX = flags.
 * Returns file descriptor (>= 3) on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int32_t sys_open(registers_t *regs) {
    const char *path = (const char *)regs->ebx;
    uint32_t flags = regs->ecx;
    return (int32_t)vfs_open(path, flags);
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_CLOSE: close a file descriptor.
 * EBX = fd.
 * Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 */
static int32_t sys_close(registers_t *regs) {
    int fd = (int)regs->ebx;
    if (fd < 3) return -1;  /* Don't close stdin/stdout/stderr */
    vfs_close(fd);
    return 0;
}

/**
 * Handle SYS_READDIR: read a directory entry.
 * EBX = path, ECX = index, EDX = name buffer (128 bytes min).
 * Returns entry type (VFS_FILE=1, VFS_DIRECTORY=2, ...) on success, -1 at end.
 */
static int32_t sys_readdir(registers_t *regs) {
    const char *path = (const char *)regs->ebx;
    uint32_t idx = regs->ecx;
    char *name_buf = (char *)regs->edx;

    vfs_dirent_t entry;
    if (vfs_readdir(path, idx, &entry) != 0) {
        return -1;
    }

    /* Copy entry name to user buffer */
    uint32_t len = strlen(entry.name);
    if (len >= 128) len = 127;
    memcpy(name_buf, entry.name, len);
    name_buf[len] = '\0';

    return (int32_t)entry.type;
}

/** System call dispatch table. */
typedef int32_t (*syscall_fn)(registers_t *);
static syscall_fn syscall_table[NUM_SYSCALLS] = {
    [SYS_EXIT]    = sys_exit,
    [SYS_WRITE]   = sys_write,
    [SYS_READ]    = sys_read,
    [SYS_FORK]    = sys_fork,
    [SYS_GETPID]  = sys_getpid,
    [SYS_YIELD]   = sys_yield,
    [SYS_WAITPID] = sys_waitpid,
    [SYS_EXEC]    = sys_exec,
    [SYS_GETENV]  = sys_getenv,
    [SYS_SETENV]  = sys_setenv,
    [SYS_READDIR] = sys_readdir,
    [SYS_OPEN]    = sys_open,
    [SYS_CLOSE]   = sys_close,
};

void syscall_handler(registers_t *regs) {
    uint32_t num = regs->eax;

    if (num >= NUM_SYSCALLS || !syscall_table[num]) {
        offset_print("  SYSCALL: invalid syscall ");
        print_hex(num);
        regs->eax = (uint32_t)-1;
        return;
    }

    int32_t ret = syscall_table[num](regs);
    if (ret != SYSCALL_SWITCHED) {
        regs->eax = (uint32_t)ret;
    }
}

void init_syscalls(void) {
    /* Install INT 0x80 as a user-callable interrupt gate.
     * Flags: 0xEE = Present(1) DPL(11) 0 Type(1110) = 32-bit Interrupt Gate, Ring 3 callable */
    set_idt_gate_from_c(0x80, (uint32_t)isr128, 0x08, 0xEE);
    offset_print("  SYSCALL: INT 0x80 installed\n");
}